# What is "code" in "toric code"?

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When I first heard people talking about using Kitaev's toric code to do topological quantum computation, I was thinking how many lines does the toric code have. Then I was told that the "code" really represents quantum states. Later, I understood that the "code" is the degenerate ground subspace of a gapped Hamiltonian. But then I was corrected by people from quantum information who pointed out that code is a subspace of the Hilbert space of a quantum system, but code is also more than a subspace.

So now I am wondering what is "code"?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Xiao-Gang Wen
There is a link now provided by the editing. paragraph 2.2.1 seems to be using the definition of "code" as "The toric code is the simplest topological lattice model that supports Abelian anyons." I guess the word "code" is used as in "encode", a code encodes a specific model?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user anna v
Here we have yet another difinition of "code": "code" is a quantum qubit model. This is very different from "code" is a subspace.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Xiao-Gang Wen
@anna - In my opinion this question is trying to imply subspace is logically similar to a qbit model and therefore mathematically predictable.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Argus

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Let me try to give you the answer in just the right amount of generality. A quantum code is just a short way to say a quantum error-correcting code. It is a special embedding of one vector space into another larger one that satisfies some additional properties. If we start with a Hilbert space $H$, then a code is a decomposition into $H = (A \otimes B) \oplus C$. The quantum information is encoded into system $A$. In the event that $B$ is trivial, then indeed this is just a subspace of $H$. When $B$ is nontrivial, we say call it a subsystem code. Let's specialize to the case of $n$ qubits, so that $H = (\mathbb{C}^2)^{\otimes n}$, and it is easiest to imagine that the dimensions of $A$, $B$, and $C$ are all powers of 2, though of course this discussion could be generalized.

Let $P$ be the orthogonal projector onto $A\otimes B$, and let $\mathcal{E}$ be an arbitrary quantum channel, i.e. a completely positive trace preserving linear map. We say that $\mathcal{E}$ is recoverable if there exists another quantum channel $\mathcal{R}$ such that for all states $\rho_A \otimes \rho_B$, we have $$\mathcal{R}\circ\mathcal{E}(\rho_A \otimes \rho_B) = \rho_A \otimes \rho'_B,$$ where $\rho'_B$ is arbitrary. This says that for any state which is supported on $A\otimes B$ and is initially separable, we can reverse the effects of $\mathcal{E}$ up to a change on system $B$.

Fortunately, there are simpler equivalent conditions that one can check instead. For example, an equivalent condition can be stated in terms of the Kraus operators $E_j$ for the channel $\mathcal{E}$. The subsystem $A$ is correctable for $\mathcal{E}(\rho) = \sum_j E_j \rho E_j^\dagger$ if an only if for all $i,j$, there exists a $g^{ij}_B$ on subsystem $B$ such that $$P E_i^\dagger E_j P = 1\hspace{-3pt}\mathrm{l}_A \otimes g^{ij}_B.$$ You can interpret this condition as saying that no error process associated to the channel $\mathcal{E}$ can gain any information about subsystem $A$.

Consider error channels which consist of Kraus operators that, when expanded in the Pauli basis, only have support on at most $d$ of the $n$ qubits in our Hilbert space. If every such channel is correctable for subsystem $A$, then we say our code has distance $d$. The largest such $d$ is called the distance of the code. For the toric code, this is the linear size of the lattice.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Steve Flammia
answered Jun 4, 2012 by (110 points)

Thanks for the detailed description of "code". According your description, "code" is a subspace, but "code" also has something more. It is still not very clear what is "code". If "code" is subspace + something, then what is this "something". You explained why code is important for error correction in quantum computation, which is very nice. But do we have a straight forward definition of "code"?

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Xiao-Gang Wen

A code is simply the decomposition $H = (A \otimes B)\oplus C$. By itself, this is too general to be interesting. Therefore, people only emphasize that something is a code when it has additional properties. For example, people call it the "toric code" because it can correct quantum errors. The simple 2D ferromagnetic Ising model is also a code... but it only encodes a single classical bit, and corrects no quantum errors. So you will never hear people talk about the "Ising code". Sorry if the answer is disappointing, but it is really just that decomposition!

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Steve Flammia

Now I see: "code" is like a piece of a drawing, it may be an art, or it may be not. (BTW I do like your answer very much.)

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In general a "code" in quantum information is a collection of "codewords". One takes a (relatively large) number of physical qubits and considers only a limited number of states (i.e. a low-dimensional subspace) out of the full Hilbert space (formally, the code is the subspace). For stabilizer codes, all of these states are ground states of some gapped hamiltonian. Because there is a good deal of redundancy, the system is more robust against errors and decoherence.

Perhaps a clearer example would be the repetition code. Say you have six qubits, but you restrict yourself to the subspace spanned by $$\{|000,000\rangle,|000,111\rangle,|111,000\rangle,|111,111\rangle\}.$$ You can then think of these long combinations as "codewords" for the logical states $$\{|00\rangle,|01\rangle,|10\rangle,|11\rangle\},$$ but they can still be recognized if any given qubit suffers some error.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Emilio Pisanty
answered Jun 3, 2012 by (520 points)
Thanks for the intuitive and pictorial explain of code. But I still like to know what is "code" exactly. If "code" is subspace + something, then what is this "something". Or maybe the "code" is just a subspace with nothing more (?).

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2014-04-05 17:30 (UCT), posted by SE-user Xiao-Gang Wen

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