# Do any entanglement measures for mixed states exist that use only single site correlation functions?

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For a pure state $\rho_{AB}$, the entropy of entanglement of subsystem $A$ is

$$S( \rho_A) = -tr (\rho_A \log \rho_A)$$

where $\rho_A$ is the reduced density matrix of A.

For a single site of a spin chain, $\rho_A$ can be written in terms of single site correlation functions $\langle \sigma_l^\alpha \rangle$ where $\alpha = x,y,z$.

Are there any entanglement measures for mixed states that use only the same correlation functions, $\langle \sigma_l^\alpha \rangle$ where $\alpha = x,y,z$?

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I am not sure what is you question. If you want to express density matrix in the terms of products of Pauli matrices, have a look at http://theoreticalphysics.stackexchange.com/questions/557/hilbert-schmidt-basis-for-many-qubits-reference.

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@PiotrMigdal Thanks, but no, that's not what I'm asking. I know that the density matrix can be written in terms of the Pauli matrices. I want to know whether there are any entanglement measures for mixed states which only use the 'single site' correlation functions (i.e. the expectation values of the Pauli matrices). I hope that's clearer.

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I guess one would not call that "correlation functions", so maybe that's what caused the confusion. With this clarification, the answer to your question is no: The maximally entangled and the (unentangled) maximally mixed state have the same reduced single site density matrices (and thus the same expectation values for any local operator), but completely different entanglement.

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@NorbertSchuch Slightly off topic, but why wouldn't you call them correlation functions?

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@Calvin: Wikipedia says "A correlation function is the correlation between random variables at two different points in space or time".

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It seems that such a measure for mixed states is fundamentally impossible, since you can have both entangled and separable states which have exactly the local expectation values. For pure states, monogamy of entanglement ensures that the impurity of a reduced density matrix (which can be infered from the expectation values of local Pauli operators) is directly related to entanglement. However for mixed states, this is not the case, as the following example will homefully make clear:

Consider a two qubit system, in which the two reduced density matrices are maximally mixed. In this case, it is possible the system is separable, composed of two copies of the maximally mixed state, or it is maximally entangled, composed of a single EPR pair, or anything in between.

Thus no function of local expectation values can distinguish separable from entangled states in general.

However, purity (which is a function of single site correlation functions), can indeed be used as a bound on the entanglement of a system, again due to monogomy of entanglement. If the local system is not maximally mixed, then it is not maximally entangled, and hence maximum amount of entanglement possible for a system is a monotonic function of its (im)purity.

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answered Jan 26, 2012 by (3,575 points)
Thank you. Just to check, by local expectation value, you mean one made up of just one Pauli matrix, while something like $\langle \sigma_l^\alpha \sigma_{l+m}^\beta \rangle$ with $\alpha,\beta = x,y,z$ is not.

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@Calvin: Exactly, although there is no need to restrict to just Pauli operators.

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