Quantcast
  • Register
PhysicsOverflow is a next-generation academic platform for physicists and astronomers, including a community peer review system and a postgraduate-level discussion forum analogous to MathOverflow.

Welcome to PhysicsOverflow! PhysicsOverflow is an open platform for community peer review and graduate-level Physics discussion.

Please help promote PhysicsOverflow ads elsewhere if you like it.

News

PO is now at the Physics Department of Bielefeld University!

New printer friendly PO pages!

Migration to Bielefeld University was successful!

Please vote for this year's PhysicsOverflow ads!

Please do help out in categorising submissions. Submit a paper to PhysicsOverflow!

... see more

Tools for paper authors

Submit paper
Claim Paper Authorship

Tools for SE users

Search User
Reclaim SE Account
Request Account Merger
Nativise imported posts
Claim post (deleted users)
Import SE post

Users whose questions have been imported from Physics Stack Exchange, Theoretical Physics Stack Exchange, or any other Stack Exchange site are kindly requested to reclaim their account and not to register as a new user.

Public \(\beta\) tools

Report a bug with a feature
Request a new functionality
404 page design
Send feedback

Attributions

(propose a free ad)

Site Statistics

205 submissions , 163 unreviewed
5,047 questions , 2,200 unanswered
5,345 answers , 22,709 comments
1,470 users with positive rep
816 active unimported users
More ...

  Emergence of space from quantum mechanics

+ 6 like - 0 dislike
2182 views

Once talking to a visiting professor at my institute, I heard about some simple model that captures the emergence of space coordinates as the eigenvalues of some infinite-dimensional quantum mechanical Hamiltonian in $0+1$ dimensions.

Unfortunately, my attempts to find a reference or explanation inevitably end up in very complicated string theory papers that are far from what I am looking for and in which I am, to say the least, not an expert.

I would love to find some description of how this can be implemented. A toy model is more than enough.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:06 (UTC), posted by SE-user Andrii Magalich
asked Jun 20, 2016 in Theoretical Physics by Andrii Magalich (70 points) [ no revision ]

2 Answers

+ 7 like - 0 dislike

I can offer up something similar to this, which is an isomorphism between something called the Tsirelson bound and the spacetime metric. This is not exactly the emergence of spacetime from quantum mechanics, but it does illustrate how spacetime could be seen as quantum mechanics in diguise.

Suppose we have four operators $A_1, A_2, B_1, B_2$  such that: $$ A_i^2~=~B_i^2~=~1 $$ and $$ [A_i , B_i ]=0 $$ These 4 operators correspond to the observables in Aspect's experiment. A single source of photons emits pairs of photons to the left and right measuring apparatuses. At the measurement station a rapidly moving mirror pushes the photons to be measured for polarization either on direction $A_1$ or $A_2$ for the left detectors, or $B_1$ or $B_2$ for the right detector. The outcomes are $+1$ or $-1$ (thus $A^2 = B^2 ~=~1$). The $A_i$ commute with $B_i$ because they are spatially separated. This set up is diagrammatically the same as used in the Bell theorem as diagrammed below

From http://faculty.virginia.edu/consciousness/new_page_7.htm

Now define an operator $C$ as follows: $$ C~=~A_1 B_1 ~+~A_2 B_1 ~+~A_2 B_2 − A_1 B_2 $$ and it is not hard to show that: $$ C^2~=~4~+~[A_1 ,A_2 ][B_1 ,B_2 ] $$ By using the triangle inequality it is not hard to see that $$ |C^2|~\le~4~+~4,~|C|~\le~ 2\sqrt{2} $$ This is similar to the derivation by Peres for the Tsirelson bound.

The operator $C$ appears very similar to the Lorentz metric, $$ x\cdot y ~=~ -x_0y_0 + x_1y_1 + x_2y_2 + x_3y_3, $$ which is the metric distance with Lorentz geometry or $SO(3,1)$. In the case of the Riemann sphere $\sim \mathbb CP^1$ the set of conformal transformations are linear fractional transformations $$ z~\rightarrow~\frac{az + b}{cz + d} $$ where this transformation is isomorphic to $PSL(2,\mathbb C)$. The heavenly sphere is then the case of the null metric distance, or equivalently the projective light cone. The product space $V$ of $dim ~=~ n$ has the Jordan algebra is the $v^2 ~=~ \langle v, v \rangle$ ($v \in V$, $\langle u, v \rangle$ is the $\mathbb{R}^n$ inner product) so that a spin factor $J(V) ~\sim~ V\oplus\mathbb R$ (think of space plus time) such that $$ (u, \alpha )◦(v, \beta ) ~=~ (\alpha v + \beta u, \langle u,v\rangle - \alpha \beta ). $$ Then $J(V)$ is isomorphic to Minkowski spacetime. This Clifford algebra define on the right the spacetime metric $\langle u,v\rangle~ -~ \alpha\beta$.

So now suppose we let there be the spacetime $V_c$ with the basis elements $$ u_1 ~=~ (A_1 , 0, 0), u_2 ~=~ (0, B_1 , 0), u_3 ~=~ (0, 0,A_2) $$ $$ v_1 ~=~ (B_1 , 0, 0), v_2 ~=~ (0, A_2, 0), v_3 ~=~ (0, 0, B_2) $$ and the real line R containing the two elements $(A_1 , B_2)$, it is then easy to see that the C operator can be expressed according to the Clifford algebra.

The connection between the null condition and the Tsirelson bound might be made by defining the elements of the real line $\mathbb R$ as $(i A_1 + \sqrt{2 \sqrt{2}}, i B_2 ~+~ \sqrt{2 \sqrt{2}})$ so that the product is the real valued part so that this is $-B_2 A_1 ~+~ 2\sqrt{2}$. In that way the modified $|C|^2$ would be zero if it is at the Tsirelson bound, and similar to a choice of metric signature is negative if outside the Tsirelson bound.

This is a somewhat elementary or naive approach. We have though a monoid or magma connection between the Jordan algebra and the $W^*$ algebra. This might be an interesting topic to pursue. It is my thinking that spacetime physics and quantum physics are on a deep level identical. In effect spacetime is probably built up from quantum entanglements.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:06 (UTC), posted by SE-user Lawrence B. Crowell
answered Jun 20, 2016 by Lawrence B. Crowell (590 points) [ no revision ]
Most voted comments show all comments
As for recommending papers along these lines I would definitely read Raamsdonk's papers on the emergence of spacetime from entanglements. They are not terribly heavy with string/M-theory language.

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:06 (UTC), posted by SE-user Lawrence B. Crowell
Thanks for the references. Found gravityresearchfoundation.org/pdf/awarded/2010/… and reprint arxiv.org/abs/1005.3035 which I can follow pretty comfortably. Even found, quite unexpectedly, some youtube videos youtube.com/watch?v=Rj9SXDp8N1U and youtube.com/watch?v=WQU9yOtWrQk (though not accompanied by any copyright-violating Taylor Swift songs:)

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:06 (UTC), posted by SE-user John Forkosh
That is the seminal paper. I think I have watched the UT lecture as well. This is an interesting frontier. One should also think of this in light of Dixon-Bern gauge-gravity, the BCFW method and Arkani-Ahmed's amplituhedron, as well as string/M-theory. Also check out Verlinde [ arxiv.org/abs/1211.6913 ] on error correction codes and see this in light of Duff et al with SLOCC [ arxiv.org/abs/1101.3559 ].

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:07 (UTC), posted by SE-user Lawrence B. Crowell
Thanks again for the additional references, which I'll look at further (though they're getting a bit over my ms-in-physics head). One aspect that has me particularly interested (though, again, unable to follow as fully as I'd like) is the idea of a metric based on computational complexity, as discussed in (see page 3, below Eq(5), and before and after that) arxiv.org/abs/1605.07768

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:07 (UTC), posted by SE-user John Forkosh
"emergence of spacetime from QM" reminds me of theories/ frameworks being pursued by swingle eg The Quantum Fabric of Space-Time / Ouellette, Quanta mag

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:07 (UTC), posted by SE-user vzn
Most recent comments show all comments
@LawrenceB.Crowell I suggested an edit to your answer that helped me to understand better. However, could you please explain how you introduce the Jordan and Clifford algebra? Is the product you show a definition of custom multiplication in $V \bigoplus \mathbb{R}$? I do not understand the connection between conformal transformations, "heavenly sphere" (?) and algebra. Thank you

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:06 (UTC), posted by SE-user Andrii Magalich
This answer has six upvotes, but it's not clear how it answers the question at all. You write down the combination of operators appearing in the Tsirelson bound, then note that the appearence of one minus sign and three plus signs looks like the Minkowski metric...and then what? How does spacetime "emerge" here? That two a priori unrelated equations look the same doesn't mean they are, in fact, related! Some of the terminology is also off: For instance, a Jordan algebra is a generic type of algebra, it's not clear what you mean by V having it

This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2016-08-26 09:07 (UTC), posted by SE-user ACuriousMind
+ 3 like - 0 dislike

This probably refers to the BFSS matrix model. This is argued to arise in several equivalent ways: as the worldvolume theory of a large number of D0-branes in type IIA, as the KK-compactification of 10 SYM to zero space dimensions, or as a certain non-commutative limit of of the worldsheet action of the M2-brane in M-theory. In any case, it ends up being a quantum mechanical system whose degrees of freedom are a set of 9+1 large matrices. These play the role of of would-be coordinate functions and their eigenvalues may be in interpreted as points in a spacetime thus defined.

In the 90s there was much excitement about the BFSS model, as people hoped it might provide a definition of M-theory. It is from these times that Witten changed the original suggestion that "M" is for "magic, mystery and membrane" to the suggestion that it is for "magic, mystery and matrix". (See e.g. Witten's 2014 Kyoto prize speach, last paragraph). But these days it is more quiet around the BFSS model, a fate it shares with many of the ideas that were exciting in the 90s and now lay somewhat more dormant.

Notice that there is also the IKKT matrix model which takes this one step further by reducing one dimension further down (D(-1)-branes). There is a Japanese group who claims  that  a MonteCarlo computer simulation of the IKKT model which they have set up shows a spontaneous generation of a 10d spacetime with 3+1 large and 6 tiny dimensions (Kim-Nishimura-Tsuchiya 12).

answered Aug 26, 2016 by Urs Schreiber (6,095 points) [ revision history ]
edited Aug 26, 2016 by Urs Schreiber

Your answer

Please use answers only to (at least partly) answer questions. To comment, discuss, or ask for clarification, leave a comment instead.
To mask links under text, please type your text, highlight it, and click the "link" button. You can then enter your link URL.
Please consult the FAQ for as to how to format your post.
This is the answer box; if you want to write a comment instead, please use the 'add comment' button.
Live preview (may slow down editor)   Preview
Your name to display (optional):
Privacy: Your email address will only be used for sending these notifications.
Anti-spam verification:
If you are a human please identify the position of the character covered by the symbol $\varnothing$ in the following word:
p$\hbar$ysicsOverflo$\varnothing$
Then drag the red bullet below over the corresponding character of our banner. When you drop it there, the bullet changes to green (on slow internet connections after a few seconds).
Please complete the anti-spam verification




user contributions licensed under cc by-sa 3.0 with attribution required

Your rights
...