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  Quantum Fields From Cluster-Decomposition Principle

+ 4 like - 0 dislike
6128 views

I would like help proving Weinberg's claim (I've quoted him below) that quantum fields are an unavoidable consequence of merging particle-based quantum mechanics with both Lorentz invariance and the cluster-decomposition principle. I'm hoping it can be done directly using a (time-ordered) Dyson series solution of the Schrodinger equation:

$$\Psi(t,x) = Te^{\frac{-i}{\hbar}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}H(t')dt'}\Psi_0 = T\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{(-i / \hbar)^n}{n!}(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}H(t')dt')^n \Psi_0$$

The method is going to be to expand the operator $H$ into a sum of creation and annihilation operators, which Weinberg says (below) actually involves no physics and is just a mathematical idea that applies to all operators. Assuming you are comfortable with this, which I am not, there should come a moment when inserting a delta function is unavoidable. Could someone help me with this?

To Motivate the Question:

As a hint that this should be possible, I came across Brown's QFT book where he says that, assuming quantum field theory has been developed, the cluster-decomposition principle is just the factoring $$Z(p_1 + p_2) = Z(p_1)Z(p_2)$$ of probability amplitudes, where $p_1(x)$ and $p_2$ are source functions by which he means $$Z(p) = \int [d \psi] \exp(\tfrac{i}{\hbar}\int d^n x ( \mathcal{L} + p_o \psi))$$

(I don't know why he writes $p_0$ and not $p$, and I do not see how doing something like $p_0 = p_1' + p_2'$ allows for this factorization anyway).

Something about the decomposition should naturally motivate inserting delta functions into that $H$ as a way to ensure the $Z(p_1 + p_2) = Z(p_1)Z(p_2)$ right, and should imply quantum fields, but I do not really see how playing with the $H$ in $\exp (\tfrac{i}{\hbar}\int Hdt)\psi_0$ will lead to anything like $Z(p_1 + p_2) = Z(p_1)Z(p_2)$. Nothing in the derivation of Schrodinger's equation or this Dyson series solution actually tells us whether we are working with particles or fields, which is encouraging. Could someone help me with this?

Origin of the question:

In Weinberg's essay, "What is Quantum Field Theory, and What Did We Think It Is?", he talks about the rationale for QFT:

In the course of teaching quantum field theory, I developed a rationale for it, which very briefly is that it is the only way of satisfying the principles of Lorentz invariance plus quantum mechanics plus one other principle. Let me run through this argument very rapidly. The first point is to start with Wigner’s definition of physical multi-particle states as representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group.9 You then define annihilation and creation operators $a(\vec{p}, σ, n)$ and $a^†(\vec{p}, σ, n)$ that act on these states. There’s no physics in introducing such operators, for it is easy to see that any operator whatever can be expressed as a functional of them. The existence of a Hamiltonian follows from time-translation invariance, and much of physics is described by the S-matrix... This should all be familiar. The other principle that has to be added is the cluster decomposition principle, which requires that distant experiments give uncorrelated results.10 In order to have cluster decomposition, the Hamiltonian is written not just as any functional of creation and annihilation operators, but as a power series in these operators with coefficients that (aside from a single momentum-conservation delta function) are sufficiently smooth functions of the momenta carried by the operators.

An interesting consequence:

Is the Lagrangian formulation just a mathematical construct allowing one to actually enact the decomposition of $H$ into creation and annihilation operators and this weird delta function, and nothing more? In other words, there may be other ways to do the same thing.

References:

  • Weinberg, Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. 1, Ch. 4.
  • Brown, Quantum Field Theory, Ch. 6


This post imported from StackExchange Physics at 2015-03-03 15:13 (UTC), posted by SE-user bolbteppa

asked Feb 26, 2015 in Theoretical Physics by bolbteppa (120 points) [ revision history ]
edited Mar 3, 2015 by Jia Yiyang

1 Answer

+ 3 like - 0 dislike

First of all, a formula of the form $Z(p_1+p_2)=Z(p_1)Z(p_2)$ is invalid in general. The correct formula resembling this is

\[ \lim_{y\to\infty} Z(J_1+\tau_y J_2)=Z(J_1)Z(J_2), \]

where $\tau_y$ is space-time translation by $y$.

Second, contrary to what Weinberg says in his book, it is possible to get covariance and cluster decomposition without a field-based approach. There is a big survey by Keister and Polyzou on the subject:

   B.D. Keister and W.N. Polyzou,
   Relativistic Hamiltonian Dynamics in Nuclear and Particle Physics,
   in: Advances in Nuclear Physics, Volume 20,
   (J. W. Negele and E.W. Vogt, eds.)
   Plenum Press 1991.

(see also the entry ''Is there a multiparticle relativistic quantum mechanics?'' from Chapter B1 of my theoretical physics FAQ.)

This means that any argument you'd like to propose would imply that the multiparticle approach given in the above reference is equivalent to a field theory. This would be a quite nontrivial and interesting result. Good luck!

answered Mar 3, 2015 by Arnold Neumaier (15,787 points) [ revision history ]
edited Mar 3, 2015 by Arnold Neumaier

+1. 

Second, contrary to what Weinberg says in his book, it is possible to get covariance and cluster decomposition without an action-based approach.

I remember Weinberg did give sufficient conditions for cluster decomposition, where did he talk about necessary conditions?

@JiaYiyang: on p.169 of his Vol.1, end of the second paragraph. He asserts this with the justification that ''such efforts have always run into troubles'', which was true in early times but , as my answer shows, no longer when he published his book.

@ArnoldNeumaier, confirmed, thanks. 

There have been many attempts to formulate a relativistically invariant theory that would not be a local field theory, and it is indeed possible to construct theories that are not field theories and yet yield a Lorentz-invariant S-matrix for two-particle scattering,2 but such efforts have always run into trouble in sectors with more than two particles: either the three-particle S-matrix is not Lorentz-invariant, or else it violates the cluster decomposition principle.

Maybe "field-based approach" rather than "action-based approach" better describes what Weinberg says?

corrected; thanks!

@JiaYiyang: You may wish to add this to your list of errata to Weinberg's books.

@Arnold, I planned to do so the moment I saw your answer! But I need to do some minimal reading on the references you gave, perhaps tomorrow.  

I just took a look at Keister and Polyzou, I'm a bit confused by their definition of cluster decomposition(or as they call cluster separability/macroscopic causality) 

It assumes that observables associated with regions of spacetime that have a sufficiently large (as opposed to arbitrarily small) spacelike separation commute--------------page 17

How is this not a consequence of microscopic causality?

@JiaYiyang: It is essentially the equation I mentioned at the top of my answer. It is a consequence of microcausality in a local quantum field theory - this is Weinberg's starting point, and as mentioned he erroneously claimed in his book that this is the only way to satisfy cluster decomposition.

But microcausality presupposes a quantum field theory, and cannot be expressed in multiparticle quantum mechanics, while cluster decomposition can, and is realized in the standard nonrelativistic treatment. The latter is Keister and Polizou's starting point, and they show that relativity can be consistently combined with this, though in a somewhat clumsy way.

What Keister and Polizou do is probably equivalent to a local field theory. But this is far from easy to see, and proving it would be a significant achievement. Klink's work (referred to in the link to my theoretical physics FAQ given above) is quite interesting in this respect, but only a first step in this direction.

It is a consequence of microcausality - this is Weinberg's starting point, and as mentioned he erroneously claimed in his book that this is the only way to satisfy cluster decomposition.

That would be very strange, since microcausality doesn't guarantee cluster decomposition in field theory(it seems the presentation of Chap 4.4 of Weinberg makes the argument independent of field theory context), and Weinberg did not claim that as far as I can remember. To implement cluster decomposition, as Weinberg argues, we need a nontrivial condition imposed on Hamiltonian: the coefficients of the momentum space creation/annihilation operator expansion of Hamiltonian must contain one and only one delta function that conserves the overall 3-momentum.(c.f. chap 4.4, page 182-183)

I corrected my statement. Weinberg's condition on the Hamiltonian is just that the field theory is local!

If one does not impose any condition on a quantum field, then microcausality implies nothing of physical relevance: The fact that the bare fields commute at large space-time separation means nothing since they are unobservable theoretical constructs. The observables at large separation are the dressed (renormalized) fields, and these are no longer local (as one can see from their 2-point functions, the renormalized propagators).

The fact that the bare fields commute at large space-time separation means nothing since they are unobservable theoretical constructs. The observables at large separation are the dressed (renormalized) fields, and these are no longer local (as one can see from their 2-point functions, the renormalized propagators).

What do you mean by "local" here? If the bare fields commute, wouldn't the renormalized fields also commute since they only differ from bare fields multiplicatively? And how can I see the renormalized propagator (of the form $\frac{1}{p^2-m^2+M(p^2)}$  after field strength renormalization) has any implication on locality? 

The multiplication factor is only the lowest order term of the renormalized field. (For example, composite renormalized fields have $Z=0$ but are true physical fields, just without a single particle contribution.)

The renormalized propagator is the Fourier transform of the correlation function of the renormalized field. I thought that for a local field, it must have the form $(p^2-m^2)^{-1}$, but now I recognize that this is the condition for satisfying a second-order field equation, and not for locality. I'll need to think more about how to recognize nonlocality; it seems to be less straightforward than I thought.

Unfortunately, all this stuff is nowhere properly discussed, so I can't point to a good source....

The multiplication factor is only the lowest order term of the renormalized field. 

Not sure if there's any miscommunication, but isn't renormalized fields defined to only differ from bare fields multiplicatively?

This is difficult to tell as only asymptotic matrix elements survive in the conventional approach and the fields disappear (apart from the free fields used in Wick's theorem). At the present stage of knowledge, the renormalization limit is mathematically too ill-defined to say what the renormalized field is - but it is known that renormalized fields and bare fields live in different Hilbert spaces, so expressing one in terms of the other is strictly speaking impossible. Maybe upon further reflection I can find a plausible story to tell that is not too false; but this may take time....

Now it seems to me that the renormalized field should indeed be local; this is the assumption made in Wightman's system of axioms. (Though it is not clear whether 4D theories satisfy this, it is verified in various lower-dimensional theories.) Thus the conflict must be somewhere else. Need to think more....

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